High frequency of larval abnormalities of the toad Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) in an Argentinian agroecosystem

Introduction: The frequent use of pesticides is currently considered a cause of environmental pollution due to the high rate of entry of these substances into agroecosystems. This constitutes a risk for the species that inhabit these ecosystems, in particular anurans whose characteristics make them prone to exposure to and interaction with environmental pollutants. Objective: To report the occurrence of abnormalities in larvae of the common toad Rhinella arenarum inhabiting ponds surrounded by agroecosystems. Methods: In two consecutive springs (2015 and 2016), reproductive events of common toads were monitored in temporary pond systems in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, located near the city of La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). The physicochemical parameters of the ponds were measured, and the stage of each reproductive event was recorded, such as the numbers of adult toads, amplexus and clutches. In the laboratory, the larvae were measured and photographed, their stage of development was recorded, and their morphology was examined under a stereomicroscope. Representative samples (normal and abnormal) from each pond studied were processed for histopathological analysis. Results: In the field studies carried out on a population of R. arenarum collected in an agroecosystem, a lower number of reproductive adults and clutches were observed in relation to the population of a non-agricultural pond. A total of 1 910 larvae were collected: 529 and 1 381 larvae from ponds located in non-agricultural and agricultural areas, respectively. Larvae from the agroecosystem showed two types of abnormalities: severe tail flexure and abdominal bloating. In addition, five degrees of severity could be determined in relation to abdominal bloating. Conclusions: This work reports the high frequency and severity of abnormalities observed in the early stages of R. arenarum larvae living within an agroecosystem, providing evidence of the negative impact that agricultural activities cause on aquatic ecosystems surrounded by farming areas.

Introducción: El uso frecuente de plaguicidas es considerado actualmente una causa de contaminación ambiental debido a las altas tasas de ingreso de estas sustancias a los agroecosistemas. Esta situación es un riesgo para las especies que habitan en estos ecosistemas, en particular los anuros cuyas características los hacen propensos a la exposición e interacción con contaminantes ambientales. Objetivo: Informar la presencia de anormalidades en larvas del sapo común Rhinella arenarum que habitan en estanques rodeados por un agroecosistema. Métodos: En dos primaveras consecutivas (2015 y 2016), se monitorearon los eventos reproductivos del sapo común proveniente de sistemas de estanques temporales ubicados en zonas agrícolas y no agrícolas, cerca de la ciudad de La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Se midieron los parámetros fisicoquímicos de los estanques y se registraron las etapas de cada evento reproductivo como el número de sapos adultos, amplexos y nidadas. En el laboratorio, las larvas fueron medidas y fotografiadas, se registró su estado de desarrollo y se examinó la morfología de cada una bajo microscopio estereoscópico. Se procesaron muestras representativas (normales y anormales) de cada estanque estudiado para análisis histopatológico. Resultados: En la población de R. arenarum que vive dentro de un agroecosistema, se observó un menor número de adultos reproductores y puestas en relación con la del estanque en la zona no agrícola. Se recolectaron un total de 1 910 larvas: 529 y 1 381 larvas de estanques ubicados en zonas no agrícolas y agrícolas, respectivamente. Las larvas del agroecosistema mostraron dos tipos de anormalidades: severa flexión de la cola y distensión abdominal. Además, se pudo determinar cinco grados de gravedad en relación con la distensión abdominal. Conclusiones: Una alta frecuencia y severidad de anormalidades en los estadios tempranos de larvas de R. arenarum que viven dentro de un agroecosistema proporciona evidencia del impacto negativo que las actividades agrícolas causan en los ecosistemas acuáticos rodeados por áreas de cultivo.

Síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular: del diagnóstico al tratamiento / Capsular bursa distension síndrome: from diagnosis to treatment

El síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular es una rara complicación de la cirugía de catarata. El objetivo principal fue exponer los principales hallazgos oftalmológicos de esta enfermedad, y las diferentes alternativas de diagnóstico y tratamiento para afrontar esta infrecuente y tardía complicación de la cirugía de catarata. Consiste en la adhesión del borde de la capsulorrexis al lente intraocular, colocado en un saco capsular. Tal aposición dificulta que el líquido fluya a través de la apertura de la cápsula anterior y se acumule en el saco capsular. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 71 años con antecedentes de cirugía de catarata por facoemulsificación en el ojo derecho. Refirió que desde hace 11 meses ha notado disminución de la visión. En el examen oftalmológico del ojo derecho se constató agudeza visual sin corrección de 0,3 por cartilla de Snellen, la cual mejoró a 1,0 con una corrección de -1,00 dioptría D. La exploración con lámpara de hendidura descartó cualquier tipo de inflamación del segmento anterior. Su presión intraocular fue de 18 mmHg. Mostró una cámara anterior poco profunda, con un desplazamiento anterior del iris y un saco capsular distendido. La cápsula posterior estaba separada de la superficie posterior del LIO con contenido líquido transparente. Se diagnosticó síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular. Se sometió a una capsulotomía posterior con láser Nd: YAG. En la evaluación posterior, el paciente mostró agudezas visuales no corregidas de 1,0 por cartilla de Snellen en ambos ojos. El síndrome de distensión de la bolsa capsular es una complicación tardía e infrecuente de cirugía de catarata con múltiples factores de riesgo, pero de rápida solución(AU)

Capsular bag distension syndrome is a rare complication of cataract surgery. The main objective was to expose the main ophthalmological findings of this disease and the different diagnostic and treatment alternatives to deal with this infrequent and late complication of cataract surgery. It consists of adhesion of the capsulorhexis rim to the intraocular lens, placed in a capsular bag. Such apposition makes it difficult for fluid to flow through the anterior capsule opening and accumulate in the capsular sac. We present a 71-year-old male patient with a history of cataract surgery by phacoemulsification in the right eye who 11 months ago reported decreased vision in the same eye. The ophthalmologic examination of the right eye showed an uncorrected visual acuity of 0.3 by Snellen chart, which improved to 1.0 with a correction of -1.00 D diopter. Slit lamp examination ruled out any type of anterior segment inflammation. His intraocular pressure was 18 mmHg. She showed a shallow anterior chamber, with an anterior displacement of the iris and a distended capsular sac. The posterior capsule was separated from the posterior surface of the IOL with clear fluid content. Capsular bag distension syndrome was diagnosed. He underwent posterior capsulotomy with Nd: YAG laser. On further evaluation, the patient had uncorrected visual acuities of 1.0 by Snellen chart in both eyes. Capsular bag distension syndrome is a late and infrequent complication of cataract surgery with multiple risk factors, but with rapid resolution(AU)

Effect of lung distension stabilization formula combined with Liu Zi Jue exercise on the rehabilitation of COPD patients in stable stage with lung and kidney deficiency syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of lung distension stabilization formula combined with Liu Zi Jue exercise on the rehabilitation of patients with lung and kidney deficiency syndrome in stable phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods:Randomized controlled trial. A total of 179 patients with lung and kidney deficiency syndrome in stable COPD (admitted from April 2019 to April 2022) were enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into western medicine conventional treatment group, combined treatment group and Liu Zi Jue group by random number table method. All the patients in the group received conventional western medicine treatment, and 59 patients in the Liu Zi Jue group received Liu Zi Jue treatment. Combined treatment group to take Liu Zi Jue + Lung distension stabilization formula. Data observation: clinical curative effect and TCM syndrome and total integral change before and after the treatment level of interleukin 8 (IL-8), pulmonary function index changes, COPD patients self-assessment scale (CAT) score, st George's hospital respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) scores change were observed.Results:The total response rate was 66.67% (40/60) in the conventional treatment group, 83.05% (49/59) in the Liu Zi Jue group and 96.67% (58/60) in the combined treatment group. The total response rate in the combined treatment group was significantly higher than that in the conventional treatment group and the Liu Zi Jue group ( Z=3.76, P<0.01). The Liu Zi Jue group was significantly higher than the conventional western medicine group ( χ2=4.24, P=0.040). After treatment, the symptom score of combined treatment group was significantly lower than that of Liu Zi Jue group and conventional treatment group ( F=14.87, P<0.01), and that of Liu Zi Jue group was significantly lower than that of conventional treatment group ( t=5.87, P<0.01). The scores of CAT and SGRQ were significantly lower than those in the Liu Zi Jue group and conventional treatment group ( F values were 76.72 and 312.36, P<0.01), and those in Liu Zi Jue group were significantly lower than that of the conventional treatment group ( t=4.97, P<0.01). After treatment, the serum IL-8 level of the combined treatment group was significantly lower than that of the Liu Zi Jue group and the conventional treatment group ( F=154.64, P<0.01), and the Liu Zi Jue group was significantly lower than that of the conventional treatment group ( t=11.35, P<0.01). FVC [(2.93±0.60) L vs. (2.49±0.65) L, (2.25±0.63) L, F=20.62], FEV1 [(2.20±0.42) L vs. (1.88±0.41) L, (1.72±0.40) L, F=21.30] and FEV1% [(42.34±4.86) % vs. (38.85±5.00) %, (36.95±4.91) %, F=18.49] were significantly higher than those in the Liu Zi Jue group and conventional treatment group ( P<0.01). The Liu Zi Jue group was higher than that of the conventional treatment group ( t values were 3.76, 2.87, 5.15, P<0.01). Conclusion:Lung distension stabilization formula combined with Liu Zi Jue exercisecan promote the rehabilitation of COPD patients with lung and kidney deficiency syndrome in stable phase, improve the curative effect of patients, improve lung function, relieve symptoms, and improve the quality of life.

ZHANG Zhiyuan's Experience in Using Baizhu （Atractylodes macrocephala） in Clinical Practice / 中医杂志

Professor Zhang Zhiyuan， a master of Chinese medicine， made good use of Baizhu （Atractylis macrocephala （Koidz.））. Except for defecation in clinical practice， he usually prescribed processed Baizhu after stir-frying with soil. Baizhu is good at excreting water and removing dampness， so applied it in the formula series with Fuling （Poria cocos） and Guizhi （Cassia Twig） or self-made decoction for diarrhea. High-dose Baizhu could be used for edema by treating obstructive syndrome with tonics， so Baizhu were added in self-made Shugan Qushui Decoction （疏肝祛水汤） or modified Lizhong Decoction （理中汤） for liver cirrhosis ascites. It was emphasized that Baizhu could eliminate phlegm， so added it in modified Zexei Decoction （泽泻汤） for excess syndrome of vertigo. It was also acknow-ledged that Baizhu could strengthen the spleen and stomach， and was suitable for deficiency or excess syndrome of abdominal distension， so applied it in Burun Decoction （补润汤） for abdominal distension with deficiency-excess in complexity， and applied it in Zhizhu Decoction （枳术汤） or self-made Tiaozhong Decoction （调中汤） for deficient abdominal distention.

Negative Feedback Mechanism of Entero-gastric Inhibitory in Delayed Gastric Emptying Following Surgery for Stomach Cancer / 肿瘤防治研究

Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is a common complication following upper gastrointestinal surgery, especially following distal gastrectomy and partial pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure). Its underlying mechanism remains unclear and needs to be elucidated. Through negative feedback mechanisms, duodenal distension inhibits gastric emptying. In our experience in performing a gastrojejunostomy, we speculate that this mechanism may still exist in the proximal jejunum and is activated by jejunal distension or stretching. There are many surgical factors leading to this mechanism activation. When a jejunal anastomosis is created by a relative large caliber of a circular stapling device, the mucosa may suffer from a circumferential scratch or bruising injury resulting in local inflammation. Afferent loop twisting may also lead to distal duodenum and/or jejunal distension. In addition, a mild/slight tension may exist on the mesenteric side of the gastrojejuostomy, especially when the antecolic route for reconstruction of the gastrojejunostomy has been performed. The inflammatory mucosa may keep the jejunum circumferentially distended, the bowel twist might compromise the lumen patency, and tension on gastrojejuostomy would stretch the jejunal wall. Any of these factors might contribute to the mechanisms of DGE by the negative feedback mechanisms.

Two Cases of Abdominal Distension Successfully Treated with Tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Abdominal distension is one of the common symptoms and can cause abdominal pain and anorexia, which may raise adverse effect on general well-being and quality of life. In Western medicine, there are specialized treatments for structural lesions associated with abdominal distension, but functional abdominal distension is often difficult to treat. There have been some reports of Kampo medicine for treatment of abdominal distension, but no case reports on tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto. We experienced two cases of abdominal distension successfully treated with tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto. Case 1 was 86-year-old woman who developed abdominal distension with frequent belching. Case 2 was 59-year-old man who developed abdominal distension associated with opioid. Regulating qi medicine was not effective for abdominal distension in both cases. Both cases had reversal coldness of the extremities, tympanic sounds of abdomen, coldness of abdomen, and inguinal tenderness and resistance. Therefore, we diagnosed them as tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto sho. After administration of tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto, in Case 1, the frequency of belching decreased and the appetite increased with the improvement of abdominal distension. In Case 2, increasing the dose of goshuyu in tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto relieved abdominal distension. Tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto can be effective for abdominal distension with interior cold pattern.

Asociación de la presión de impulso y el poder mecánico ventilatorio con la mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 grave-crítico / Association of driving pressure and ventilatory mechanical power with mortality in patients with severe-critical COVID-19 / Associação da pressão de impulso e potência mecânica ventilatória com a mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 grave em estado crítico

Resumen: Introducción: Una ventilación eficiente es fundamental en COVID-19, pero se debe aplicar un presión de distensión (PD) y el poder mecánico (PM) apropiado. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de la presión de distensión y el poder mecánico con la mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 grave-crítico. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, analítico, retrospectivo. Mediante análisis estadístico bivariado y multivariado se determinó si el DP y el PM se asocian con la mortalidad, considerando significativa una p < 0.05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 137 pacientes con COVID-19 grave-crítico, de edad media 55.8 ± 16.4 años. Las comorbilidades fueron hipertensión arterial 85 (62%), obesidad 62 (45.3%) y diabetes mellitus 50 (36.5%). La mortalidad fue de 71 (52.3%). En enfermedad grave el DP fue de 14.2 ± 5.1 cmH2O y en enfermedad crítica fue de 11.3 ± 5.0 cmH2O (p = 0.001). Los valores medios del PM con COVID-19 grave fueron 19.5 ± 19.3 J/min y en COVID-19 crítico fueron 29.1 ± 27.6 J/min (p = 0.026). El área bajo la curva (AUC) del DP para predecir mortalidad fue de 0.740 (p < 0.001) y del PM 0.569 (p = 0.171). En el análisis multivariado los factores independientemente asociados a mortalidad fueron la edad (ORa = 1.041, IC95% 1.015-1.068, p = 0.002) y el DP (ORa = 1.207, IC95% 1.101-1.322, p < 0.001). Conclusión: La presión de distensión es un predictor independiente y significativo de mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 grave- crítico.

Abstract: Introduction: Efficient ventilation is essential in COVID-19 but an appropriate driving pressure (DP) and mechanical power (PM) must be applied. Objective: To evaluate the association of driving pressure and mechanical power with mortality in patients with severe-critical COVID-19. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional, analytical, retrospective study. Through bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis, it was determined if the DP and PM are associated with mortality, considering significant a p < 0.05. Results: 137 patients with severe-critical COVID-19, mean age 55.8 ± 16.4 years, were included. The comorbidities were arterial hypertension 85 (62%), obesity 62 (45.3%) and diabetes mellitus 50 (36.5%). Mortality was 71 (52.3%). In severe illness, the DP was 14.2 ± 5.1 cmH2O and in critical illness it was 11.3 ± 5.0 cmH2O (p = 0.001). The mean PM values with severe COVID-19 were 19.5 ± 19.3 J/min and in critical COVID-19 they were 29.1 ± 27.6 J/min (p = 0.026). The AUC of DP to predict mortality was 0.740 (p < 0.001) and of PM 0.569 (p = 0.171). In the multivariate analysis, the factors independently associated with mortality were age (ORa = 1.041, CI95% 1.015-1.068, p = 0.002) and DP (ORa = 1.207, CI95% 1.101-1.322, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Driving pressure is an independent and significant predictor of mortality in patients with severe-critical COVID-19.

Resumo: Introdução: Uma ventilação eficiente é essencial no COVID-19, mas se deve ser aplicar uma driving pressure (DP) e potência mecânica (PM) apropriadas. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da driving pressure e a potência mecânica com a mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 grave-crítico. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal, analítico, retrospectivo. Por meio de análise estatística bivariada e multivariada, determinou-se se o DP e PM estão associados à mortalidade, considerando significativo um p < 0.05. Resultados: Incluíram-se 137 pacientes com COVID-19 grave-crítico, com idade média de 55.8 ± 16.4 anos. As comorbidades foram hipertensão arterial 85 (62%), obesidade 62 (45.3%) e diabetes mellitus 50 (36.5%). A mortalidade foi de 71 (52.3%). Na doença grave, o DP foi de 14.2 ± 5.1 cmH2O e na doença crítica foi de 11.3 ± 5.0 cmH2O (p = 0.001). Os valores médios de PM com COVID-19 grave foram 19.5 ± 19.3 J/min e em COVID-19 crítico foram 29.1 ± 27.6 J/min (p = 0.026). A AUC de DP para predizer mortalidade foi de 0.740 (p < 0.001) e de PM 0.569 (p = 0.171). Na análise multivariada, os fatores independentemente associados à mortalidade foram idade (ORa = 1.041, IC 95% 1.015-1.068, p = 0.002) e DP (ORa = 1.207, IC 95% 1.101-1.322, p < 0.001). Conclusão: A driving pressure é um preditor independente e significativo de mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 grave-crítico.

Effect of symptom management theory-based nursing care on postoperative abdominal distension in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of symptom management theory(SMT)-based nursing care for the prevention of postoperative abdominal distension in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods:A total of 80 primary hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from May 2016 to May 2019 were assigned to the experimental group and the control group according to the admission time, there were 40 cases in each group. The patients in the control group received routine postoperative nursing care, while the patients in the experimental group added SMT-based intervention. The postoperative first exhaust time and defecation time were recorded; the abdominal distension degree after 1, 3, 7 days of surgery were evaluated. In addition, the symptom distress was assessed by The Symptom Module Specific to Primary Liver Cancer (TSM-PLC).Results:The postoperative first exhaust time and defecation time were (69.08±11.44), (78.80±15.54) h in the experimental group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (76.03±12.26), (86.03±13.48) h, the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.62, 2.22, both P<0.05). After 3, 7 days of surgery, the abdominal distension degrees were significantly alleviated in the experimental group compared to the control group, the differences were statistically significant ( Z =2.31, 2.34, both P<0.05). After 7 days of surgery, the abdominal distension, weight loss, fever symptom scores in TSM-PLC were 1.80±0.28, 0.76±0.21, 0.48±0.19 in the experimental group, which were significantly lower than those in the control group 2.16±0.31, 0.93±0.25, 0.74±0.20, the differences were statistically significant ( t=5.38, 3.27, 5.90, all P<0.05). Conclusions:SMT-based intervention can promote the recovery of postoperative gastrointestinal function and alleviate abdominal distension symptom distress of patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

A study of forty eight patients with ilecoceacal mass presenting as intestinal obstruction requires surgical intervention and their outcome

Background: Intestinal obstruction is defined as obstruction of the passage of the intestine for its contents. Successful conservative treatment may leave adhesions that could cause recurrence; on the other hand, surgery may be the source of new adhesions like any other abdominal surgery. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the 48 patients with ilecoceacal mass presenting as intestinal obstruction requires surgical intervention and their outcome.Methods: Of a total of 48 patients with ilecoceacal masses who presented with intestinal obstruction and underwent surgical intervention for the same. Surgical management outcome was classified as “favorable” or “unfavorable” outcome according to the retrospective secondary data extracted from their medical records. Unfavorable outcome was considered if the patient died or has one or more postoperative complications. Favorable outcome was considered if the patient was discharged alive and does not have any history of postoperative complications.Results: Abdominal pain, abdominal distension, vomiting and failure to pass faeces were the prominent presenting symptoms among intestinal obstruction patients.  Favourable outcome was seen in 76 percent of the patients while unfavourable outcome was seen in 24 percent of the patients. Mortality occurred in 6 patients. Prolonged ileus was found to be present in 1 patient. Failure to wean from ventilator for more than 48 hours was seen in 2 patients.  Conclusions: Surgical management had high efficacy of more than 75 percent in managing patients with intestinal obstructions. With precise technique and adequate care, complication rate can be reduced.

Impacto de la presión de distensión alveolar en los pacientes con síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA): revisión narrativa / Impact of alveolar distention pressure on days under mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (SDRA) / Impacto da pressão da distensão alveolar em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo (SDRA): revisão narrativa

Resumen: Introducción: El síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) se caracteriza por una heterogeneidad del daño en el parénquima pulmonar; la asociación entre el volumen tidal (Vt) y la distensibilidad pulmonar estática (Cst) puede ser evaluada mediante la presión de distensión (PD). Se desconoce hasta el día de hoy si el control de la PD impacta en otros objetivos, tales como la disminución de los días bajo ventilación mecánica. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos médicos científicos en Pubmed, EMBASE y Medigraphic con las siguientes palabras clave: «driving pressure¼ y «acute respiratory distress syndrome¼ para relacionar la PD y los días libres de ventilación mecánica en los principales estudios sobre SDRA; se analizaron las variables respiratorias reportadas por estas publicaciones y se tomaron estudios de revisión, revisiones sistematizadas y metaanálisis, lo cual fue evaluado por seis de los autores principales. Resultados: Se encontró en la revisión sistematizada la siguiente relación: los pacientes ventilados con SDRA y PD < 15 cmH2O se asociaban con menos días de ventilación mecánica con un valor de p = 0.03; los pacientes ventilados con SDRA y PD < 15 cmH2O, al comparar la mortalidad a 90 días, la disminuían, tomando un valor de p ≤ 0.0001; los pacientes sin SDRA y PD < 15 cm cmH2O, comparando la mortalidad a 28 días con una p = 0.005, las complicaciones pulmonares postoperatorias, la PD < 15 cmH2O y los valores de PD mayores a 15 cmH2O se asociaron con barotrauma, infecciones pulmonares postoperatorias, con una p ≤ 0.0001; en supervivencia y mortalidad a los 90 días, se correlacionó con una razón de momios (RM) de 0.60 a favor de PD < 15 cmH2O, y en mortalidad a 28 días con una RM de 0.29 a favor de la PD menor, al valor de corte. Conclusión: La PD se asocia con mortalidad de manera directamente proporcional y los valores más bajos de PD se asocian con menos días de ventilación mecánica.

Abstract: Introduction: ARDS is characterized by a heterogeneity of damage in the lung parenchyma and the association between tidal volume (Vt) and static lung compliance (Cst) can be evaluated by DP. Most studies on DP and ARDS focus on mortality, showing a lower percentage of survival while the level of DP is higher, however, it is unknown until today whether the control of DP impacts on other objectives such as decrease of days under mechanical ventilation. Material and methods: A systematic review of medical articles in Pubmed, EMBASE and Medigraphic was carried out with key words: driving pressure and acute respiratory distress syndrome to relate DP and days free of mechanical ventilation in the main studies on ARDS, analyzing the respiratory variables reported by these publications. Results: The relationship was found in the systematized review; that patients ventilated with ARDS and DP < 15 cmH2O was associated with fewer days of mechanical ventilation with a p = 0.03, patients with ARDS and DP < 15 cmH2O comparing mortality at 90 days, decreased their mortality with p ≤ 0.0001, patients without ARDS and PD < 15 cm cmH2O comparing mortality at 28 days with p = 0.005, patients with ARDS and DP association of postoperative pulmonary complications and DP < 15 cmH2O, DP values greater than 15 cmH2O was associated with barotrauma, postoperative pulmonary infections, with a p ≤ 0.0001 of, in survival and mortality at 90 days, correlated with a odds ratio (OR) of 0.60 in favor of DP less than 15 cmH2O and in mortality at 28 days with an OR of 0.29, in favor of DP below 15 cmH2O. Discussion: DP is associated with mortality in a directly proportional way. Conclusion: Lower values of DP are associated with fewer days of mechanical ventilation.

Resumo: Introdução: A SDRA é caracterizada pela heterogeneidade do dano do parênquima pulmonar e a associação entre volume corrente (Vt) e complacência pulmonar estática (Cst) pode ser avaliada por pressão de distensão alveolar (PD). Não se sabe até hoje se o controle da PD afeta outros objetivos, como redução de dias sob ventilação mecânica. Material e métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de artigos médicos científicos no Pubmed, EMBASE e Medigraphic com palavras-chave: pressão de distensão e síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo para relacionar PD e dias sem ventilação mecânica nos principais estudos de SDRA, analisando as variáveis relatados por essas publicações, realizando estudos de revisão, revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises, sendo avaliados por 6 dos principais autores. Resultados: A relação foi encontrada na revisão sistemática; que ventilaram pacientes com SDRA e PD < 15 cmH2O estiveram associados a menos dias de ventilação mecânica com p = 0.03, pacientes ventilados com SDRA e PD < 15 cmH2O comparando a mortalidade em 90 dias, sua mortalidade diminuiu com p ≤ 0.0001, pacientes sem SDRA e PD < 15 cm cmH2O comparando mortalidade em 28 dias com p = 0.005, associação de complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias e PD < 15 cmH2O, valores de PD maiores que 15 cmH2O foram associados a traumatismo barro, infecções pulmonares pós-operatórias , com p ≤ 0.0001 de, na sobrevida e mortalidade aos 90 dias, foi correlacionada com uma Odds Ratio (RM) de 0.60 a favor da PD menor que 15 cmH2O e na mortalidade aos 28 dias com uma RM de 0.29, a favor do PD menor que o valor de corte. Conclusão: a PD está associada à mortalidade de maneira diretamente proporcional. e valores mais baixos de PD estão associados a menos dias de ventilação mecânica.

Effects of venous distention on the respiratory and circulatory system after moderate-intensity exercise / 体力科学

It is well known that elderly patients with heart failure have low tolerance to exercise. Heart disease increases the cardiac load and causes severe arrhythmias due to an increase in the afferent stimuli from peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle and from the sympathetic nervous system. Managing risk during exercise from the peripheral factors is essential to improve the quality of life of this patient population. Previous research involved utilizing high-intensity exercise and invasive methods, but it is necessary to perform at a safe intensity to evaluate the tolerance to exercise during rehabilitation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the changes in ventilatory and circulatory indices caused by venous ischemia after moderate-intensity exercise. The participants comprised ten healthy men randomly assigned to either a venous blood flow shut off task (task1) or the venous blood flow task (task 2). After 2 days or more the tasks were switched. The protocol was performed using a moderate intensity of rest for a while and performing a 4-min cycling exercise at 200 mmHg while occluding venous outflow of the left leg. Immediately after the termination, both groups took 5 min of rest. Task 1 involved occlusion of the venous outflow using 90 mmHg applied to the left thigh. The result showed that in normal subjects, shutting off the venous blood flow did not change the ventilatory response after moderate-intensity exercise but it changed the circulation index.

Implications of bladder volume on target coverage and dose to critical structures during high dose rate intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer: A dosimetric study

Background: The distension of the bladder during intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) affects the applicator position and in turn the dose to tumour and normal structures. Aims and Objectives: To quantify the changes in the dose to high risk clinical target volume (HRCTV) and organs at risk (OARs) due to bladder filling. Methods and Materials: In this prospective study, dosimetric parameters of 40 cervical cancer patients treated with (ICBT) were studied. Two sets of CT images with empty and bladder filled with 100 ml of contrast were used for analysis of doses to HRCTV and organs at risk OARs. The distance between posterior wall of the bladder and reference point on the flange was recorded in X,Y and Z. Results: Target coverage between bladder distension and empty bladder was 84.15 vs 84.85 % (P=0.003) respectively. Mean dose to bladder was 1.57vs 2Gy (P=0.000), median dose was 6 vs7.25Gy (P=0.000), D5cc was 3.94 vs 4.17 Gy (P=0.103) and D2cc was 4.5 vs 5 Gy (P=0.01) respectively. The doses to rectum was D2cc - 3.76 vs 4.07Gy (P=0.000), Sigmoid was D2cc - 2.18 vs 2.43Gy (P=0.005), bowel D2cc was 2.81 vs 3.43Gy (P=0.000). The mean distance of the posterior wall of the bladder from reference point was 0.042 vs -0.079cm (P=0.391) in the X-axis, -0.618 vs -0.630cm (P=0.603) in Z-axis and 0.19 vs 0.26cm (P=0.009) in the Y-axis between two status of the bladder. Conclusions: Smaller volume of bladder receive higher dose and larger volumes a lower dose with bladder distension, while dose is same for rectum, sigmoid and bowel. The applicators shift posteriorly when the bladder is distended

Think beyond ascites

In children with gross, persistent ascites wherein clinical scenario is not agreeable to common conditions, one needs to revise the diagnosis and rule out the surgical cause for abdominal distension mimicking ascites. We are reporting here, a case of two year old female child who presented with abdominal distension, clinically suggestive of ascites and subsequently diagnosed to have a large chylous mesenteric cyst which was determined on biochemical investigations, imaging and confirmed on surgical intervention. She was managed surgically with successful outcome.

Presión de distensión como factor pronóstico de mortalidad en el paciente crítico obeso con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda / Driving pressure as a prognostic factor of mortality in the critical patient with obesity and acute respiratory distress syndrome / Pressão de distensão como fator prognóstico de mortalidade no paciente obeso crítico com síndrome de dificuldade respiratória aguda

Resumen: Introducción: Se ha demostrado que la presión de distensión pulmonar (ΔP) es la variable física que mejor correlaciona con la supervivencia en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda, sugiriendo un valor protector <15 cmH2O. Objetivo: El propósito fue identificar si los valores de ΔP como margen de seguridad descritos son un factor pronóstico de mortalidad, aplicados en pacientes obesos con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda en la UCI. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional, realizado en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) del Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío UMAE 1, Guanajuato, de enero a julio del 2018. Se ingresaron 47 pacientes >18 años e IMC > 30 kg/m2 con diagnóstico de SDRA bajo ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se registró la ΔP y Pplat a las 24, 48 y 72 horas desde su ingreso. Resultados: Se encontró una diferencia significativa tanto en la ΔP, como en la Pplat (p < 0.05) a las 24 h siendo de 14.08±5 (12-20) en el grupo de los sobrevivientes y de 16.56±3 (12-21) en el de los no sobrevivientes. Conclusión: Se observó que el mantener la ΔP y Pplat en rangos < 15 y < 30 respectivamente, en las primeras 24 h tiene un impacto sobre la mortalidad de estos pacientes.

Abstract: Introduction: Pulmonary distension pressure (ΔP) has been shown to be the physical variable that best correlates with survival in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, suggesting a protective value <15 cmH2O. Objective: The purpose was to identify if the values ​​of ΔP as safety margin described are a prognostic factor of mortality, applied in obese patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in the ICU. Methods: Longitudinal, prospective, observational study, carried out in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the Bajío National Medical Center UMAE 1, Guanajuato, from January to July 2018. 47 patients> 18 years old and BMI> 30 were admitted. with diagnosis of ARDS under invasive mechanical ventilation. The ΔP and Pplat were recorded at 24, 48 and 72 hours after admission. Results: A significant difference was found in both ΔP and Pplat (p <0.05) at 24 hrs, being 14.08 ± 5 (12-20) in the group of survivors and 16.56 ± 3 (12-21) in non-survivors. Conclusion: It was observed that maintaining ΔP and Pplat in ranges <15 and <30 respectively, in the first 24 hrs has an impact on the mortality of these patients.

Resumo: Introdução: Tem sido demonstrado que a pressão de distensão pulmonar (ΔP) é a variável física que melhor se correlaciona com a sobrevida em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo, sugerindo um valor protetor < 15 cmH2O. Objetivo: O objetivo foi identificar se os valores de ΔP como margem de segurança descritos são um fator prognóstico de mortalidade, aplicados em pacientes obesos com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo na UTI. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional, realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) do Centro Médico Nacional de Bajío, UMAE 1, Guanajuato, de janeiro a julho de 2018. Foram admitidos 47 pacientes > 18 anos e IMC > 30 kg/m2 com diagnóstico de SDRA sob ventilação mecânica invasiva. O ΔP e o Pplat foram registrados às 24, 48 e 72 horas após a admissão. Resultados: Encontrou-se uma diferença significativa tanto no ΔP quanto no Pplat (p < 0.05) às 24 h, sendo 14.08 ± 5 (12-20) no grupo dos sobreviventes e 16.56 ± 3 (12-21) nos não sobreviventes. Conclusão: Observou-se que a manutenção do ΔP e Pplat nas faixas < 15 e < 30, respectivamente, nas primeiras 24 horas tem impacto na mortalidade desses pacientes.

¿Limitar la presión de distensión protege contra la lesión pulmonar adquirida por la ventilación mecánica (VALI)? / Does limiting the distension pressure protect against lung injury acquired by mechanical ventilation (VALI)? / A limitação da pressão de distensão protege contra lesão pulmonar adquirida por ventilação mecânica (VALI)?

Resumen: El incremento en la presión de las vías respiratorias causa lesión de la membrana alveolar proponiendo el barotrauma como causa de lesión pulmonar adquirida por el ventilador (VALI), esta afección se presenta de forma frecuente, lo que conduce a entender mejor el papel desempeñado por los ajustes del ventilador mecánico, la fisiopatología pulmonar subyacente y su interacción. En la última década se ha dado relevancia al término presión de distensión (PD), que surge del cálculo del delta de presión (∆P = Vt/CRS). La PD representa los cambios dinámicos de la presión que se genera en la vía aérea en cada ciclo ventilatorio. Aunque se instalen medidas de protección pulmonar de manera inicial, existen diversas condiciones que modifican las propiedades elásticas, tales como reanimación hídrica y el balance positivo de líquidos, procesos infecciosos agregados, etc. Sin embargo, aun cuando se cumplan estas medidas de protección puede haber distensión pulmonar excesiva, por lo que la monitorización de la PD puede ser una herramienta útil para determinar de manera sistemática los cambios en la rigidez pulmonar, estableciendo intervenciones. En ausencia de ensayos que usen PD como objetivo al establecer el ventilador, se sugiere que se utilice como complemento y no como un sustituto de parámetros de protección pulmonar.

Abstract: The increase in airway pressure causes injury in the alveolar membrane by proposing barotrauma as the cause of ventilator-acquired Lung Injury (VALI), this condition occurs frequently, which leads to a better understanding of the roles played by the mechanical ventilator settings, underlying lung pathophysiology and their interaction. In the last decade, the term pressure of distension (PD) has emerged, arising from the calculation of the pressure delta (ΔP = Vt/CRS). The PD represents the dynamic changes of the pressure that is generated in the airway in each ventilatory cycle. Although pulmonary protection measures are initially installed, there are several conditions that modify elastic properties, such as fluid resuscitation and positive fluid balance, aggregated infectious processes, etc. However, even if these protective measures are met, excessive pulmonary distention may occur, so PD monitoring may be a useful tool for systematically determining changes in pulmonary stiffness by establishing interventions. In the absence of assays using PD as a target when establishing the ventilator, it is suggested that it be used as a complement and not as a substitute for pulmonary protection parameters.

Resumo: O aumento da pressão das vias aéreas causa lesão da membrana alveolar, propondo o barotrauma como causa de Lesão Pulmonar Adquirida pelo Ventilador (VALI), esta condição ocorre com frequência, o que leva a uma melhor compreensão dos papéis desempenhados pelos ajustes do ventilador mecânico, a fisiopatologia pulmonar subjacente e sua interação. Na última década, o termo pressão de distensão (PD) tem recebido relevância decorrente do cálculo do delta de pressão (ΔP = Vt/CRS). A DP representa as mudanças dinâmicas da pressão gerada na via aérea em cada ciclo ventilatório. Embora as medidas de proteção pulmonar sejam instaladas inicialmente, existem várias condições que modificam as propriedades elásticas, tais como ressuscitação hídrica e balanço hídrico positivo, processos infecciosos agregados, etc. No entanto, mesmo que essas medidas de proteção sejam atendidas, pode haver distensão pulmonar excessiva, de modo que a monitorização da DP possa ser uma ferramenta útil para determinar sistematicamente as mudanças na rigidez pulmonar, estabelecendo intervenções. Na ausência de ensaios que utilizem a PD como objetivo no estabelecimento do ventilador, sugere-se que seja utilizado como complemento e não como substituto dos parâmetros de proteção pulmonar.

Type IV jejunal atresia in a newborn: a rare birth defect presenting with bilious vomiting

Background: Type IV jejunal atresia is a rare birth defect, which occurs due to late intrauterine vascular accidents that results in complete obstruction of intestinal lumen. There is no genetic predilection. It occurs most commonly in proximal jejunum. Clinical presentation includes bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, feeding difficulties, failure to pass stools and/or absence of bowel movements after birth. Here author report a case of premature newborn, who was admitted in NICU at birth in view of prematurity. As the baby had bilious vomiting and bilious NG aspirate on day 3 of life, possibility of intestinal obstruction was kept. It was diagnosed as a case of jejunal atresia by abdominal radiograph displaying dilated stomach, duodenum and proximal jejunum with gasless abdomen. Further jejunal atresia confirmed by the upper GI study exhibiting the level of obstruction. Surgical resection of the atretic segment and primary anastomosis was done. This case emphasizes the need of rapid identification of jejunal atresia and its adequate management to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with fore shortened intestine.

Dolor y distensión abdominal: abordaje diagnóstico a distintas edades / Abdominal pain and distention: diagnostic approach at different ages

Fluctuating abdominal pain and bloating suggest gastrointestinal origin with multiple causes. In adults, patients fulfilling the Rome criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have a low probability of neoplasms or intestinal inflammatory diseases. In these patients it is cost effective to request fecal calprotectin and celiac disease serology. Due to the high probability of nocebo effect, the diagnosis of sensitivity to non celiac and food allergies should require a blind rechallenge. It is recommended to evaluate other non ominous diagnostic options in a second stage if there is not good control of symptoms. In adults that do not fulfil the criteria of IBS or in adults older than 50 it is often necessary to request more studies, including endoscopic examinations. In children, abdominal pain and bloating occur frequently in the context of excessive consumption of sugar (including fructose, lactose and sorbitol). In infants it can occur in the context of congenital malformations, infant colics and food allergies. An active search for symptoms and signs of alarm is recommended. In their absence the performance of an endoscopic study is low. The use of celiac disease serology is also recommended, but the use of fecal calprotectin has the limitation that normal values are not present below age 4, so its use is not recommended under that age.

El dolor abdominal y la distensión abdominal fluctuantes sugieren origen gastrointestinal, con múltiples causas. En adultos, los pacientes que cumplen criterios de Roma para Síndrome de Intestino Irritable (SII) tienen una baja probabilidad de neoplasias o enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (EII). En estos pacientes, es costoefectivo solicitar calprotectina fecal y serología de enfermedad celiaca. Por la alta probabilidad de efecto nocebo, el diagnóstico de sensibilidad al gluten no celiaca (SGNC) y alergias alimentarias debería requerir un rechallenge ciego. Es recomendable evaluar otras opciones diagnósticas no ominosas en una segunda etapa, si no hay buen control sintomático. En adultos que no cumplen criterios de SII o en adultos mayores de 50 años, suele requerirse más cantidad de estudios, incluyendo endoscópicos. En niños, el dolor abdominal y distensión ocurren frecuentemente en el contexto de consumo excesivo de azúcares (incluyendo fructosa, lactosa y sorbitol). En lactantes puede ocurrir también en el contexto de malformaciones congénitas, cólicos del lactante y alergia alimentaria. Se recomienda la búsqueda activa de signos y síntomas de alarma. En su ausencia el rendimiento del estudio endoscópico es bajo. También se recomienda el uso de serología de enfermedad celíaca, pero el uso de calprotectina fecal tiene la limitación de ausencia de valores de normalidad hasta los 4 años, por lo que su uso no se recomienda bajo esa edad.

Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on feeding changes in rats and its potential mechanism / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate whether γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of thalamic undefined (ZI)-nucleus accumbens (NAc) neural pathways on gastric distraction (GD)-sensitive neuronal firing activity and the impact on food intake, the number of times and the frequency in rats.@*Methods@#Six rats were randomly selected and the neural pathway between ZI and NAc in rat thalamus was observed by fluorescent gold (FG) retrograde tracing method.Eighty-two rats were randomly selected, and the gastric balloon was placed in gastric cavity, the microelectrode was placed in the NAc, and the stimulating electrode was placed in the ZI. The single-cell discharge recording method was used to observe the effect of electrical stimulation ZI on the excitability of GD-sensitive neurons in rat NAc.Eighteen rats were randomly selected and were divided into three groups according to the random number table. They were NS group, GABA group, GABA + GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline (BIC) group with 6 in each group, and the rat NAc was used to embed the cannula. The method of GABA and BIC was injected to observe the changes of cumulative food intake in rats for 4 h. Eighteen rats were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups: sham stimulation (SS) group, 50 μA electrical stimulation group, 50 μA electrical stimulation + BIC group with 6 in each group. The 4 h cumulative food intake of rats was observed by electro-stimulation of rat ZI and rat NAc injection of BIC.@*Results@#Fluorescent gold retrograde tracking combined with fluorescent immunohistochemical staining showed that there were visible GABA and fluorescent gold double labeled neurons in ZI. Electrical stimulation of ZI, the frequency of GABA-sensitive GD neurons in rat NAc increased significantly (GD-E increase: (78.8±8.4)%, GD-I increase: (89.3±9.2)%, P<0.01), but the inhibitory effect was antagonized by BIC (GD-E increase: (113.8±13.6)%, GD-I increase: (121.8±14.2)%, P<0.01). Microinjection of GABA in rat NAc significantly increased the cumulative food intake for 4 h ((155.72±18.84) kcal, t=3.41, P<0.05), which was antagonized by partial BIC (123.43±15.11) kcal, t=3.28, P<0.05). Electrical stimulation of ZI significantly increased the food intake in rats ((39.07±11.27) kcal, t=2.96, P<0.05), and this effect can be partially antagonized by BIC ((34.17±10.85)kcal, t=2.33, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The ZI-NAc neural pathway regulates the discharge activity of rat gastric distension (GD)-sensitive neurons and the feeding status of rats, and the GABA receptor signaling pathway may be involved in mediating the process.

Effects of γ-aminobutyric acid on feeding changes in rats and its potential mechanism / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate whether γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of thalamic undefined (ZI)-nucleus accumbens (NAc) neural pathways on gastric distraction (GD)-sensitive neuronal firing activity and the impact on food intake,the number of times and the frequency in rats.Methods Six rats were randomly selected and the neural pathway between Zl and NAc in rat thalamus was observed by fluorescent gold (FG) retrograde tracing method.Eighty-two rats were randomly selected,and the gastric balloon was placed in gastric cavity,the microelectrode was placed in the NAc,and the stimulating electrode was placed in the ZI.The single-cell discharge recording method was used to observe the effect of electrical stimulation ZI on the excitability of GD-sensitive neurons in rat NAc.Eighteen rats were randomly selected and were divided into three groups according to the random number table.They were NS group,GABA group,GABA + GABA receptor antagonist bicuculline (BIC) group with 6 in each group,and the rat NAc was used to embed the cannula.The method of GABA and BIC was injected to observe the changes of cumulative food intake in rats for 4 h.Eighteen rats were randomly selected and randomly divided into three groups:sham stimulation (SS) group,50 μA electrical stimulation group,50 μA electrical stimulation + BIC group with 6 in each group.The 4 h cumulative food intake of rats was observed by electro-stimulation of rat ZI and rat NAc injection of BIC.Results Fluorescent gold retrograde tracking combined with fluorescent immunohistochemical staining showed that there were visible GABA and fluorescent gold double labeled neurons in ZI.Electrical stimulation of ZI,the frequency of GABA-sensitive GD neurons in rat NAc increased significantly (GD-E increase:(78.8±8.4) ％,GD-I increase:(89.3±9.2) ％,P＜0.01),but the inhibitory effect was antagonized by BIC (GD-E increase:(113.8 ± 13.6)％,GD-I increase:(121.8± 14.2)％,P＜0.01).Microinjection of GABA in rat NAc significantly increased the cumulative food intake for 4 h ((155.72± 18.84) kcal,t=3.41,P＜0.05),which was antagonized by partial BIC (123.43± 15.11) kcal,t =3.28,P＜ 0.05).Electrical stimulation of ZI significantly increased the food intake in rats ((39.07± 11.27) kcal,t =2.96,P＜0.05),and this effect can be partially antagonized by BIC ((34.17 ± 10.85) kcal,t =2.33,P＜ 0.05).Conclusion The ZI-NAc neural pathway regulates the discharge activity of rat gastric distension (GD)-sensitive neurons and the feeding status of rats,and the GABA receptor signaling pathway may be involved in mediating the process.

Clinical control study of water colonoscopy and gas colonoscopy / 中国实用内科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the satisfaction and performance of water colonoscopy and gas colonoscopy. METHODS: 240 continuous cases were randomly divided into two groups(gas colonoscopy group, water colonoscopy group). Record the general condition, success rate, period of performance and abdominal pain score. Investigate the degree of abdominal pain, distension and the will of receiving anesthetic colonoscopy next time in the follow-up. RESULTS: There were no significant difference between two groups in the general condition, success rate, depth of insertion, abdominal pain after examination or the will of receiving anesthetic colonoscopy next time(P>0.05). The period of insertion, period of withdrawal and period of performance in water colonoscopy group was longer than those in the gas colonoscopy group(P<0.001, P=0.013, P<0.001). The degree of abdominal distension at 1 hour after colonoscopy in water colonoscopy group was higher than those in the gas colonoscopy group(P<0.001), but no significant difference was found at6 hours after examination. CONCLUSION: Patients undergoing water colonoscopy have better outcomes with less abdominal pain and abdominal distension except for longer time of performance.